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The following examples use the INDEX hint. The first example specifies a single index. The second example specifies multiple indexes for a single table reference. In both examples, because you apply the INDEX hint on a table that uses an alias, the TABLE HINT clause must also specify the same alias as the exposed object name. The example uses the AdventureWorks2019 database.
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The following example shows how to use the TABLE HINT hint. You can use the hint without specifying a hint to override the INDEX table hint behavior you specify in the FROM clause of the query. The example uses the AdventureWorks2019 database.
The following example contains two table hints in the query: NOLOCK, which is semantic-affecting, and INDEX, which is non-semantic-affecting. To preserve the semantics of the query, the NOLOCK hint is specified in the OPTIONS clause of the plan guide. Along with the NOLOCK hint, specify the INDEX and FORCESEEK hints and replace the non-semantic-affecting INDEX hint in the query during statement compilation and optimization. The example uses the AdventureWorks2019 database.
The following example shows an alternative method to preserving the semantics of the query and allowing the optimizer to choose an index other than the index specified in the table hint. Allow the optimizer to choose by specifying the NOLOCK hint in the OPTIONS clause. You specify the hint because it's semantic-affecting. Then, specify the TABLE HINT keyword with only a table reference and no INDEX hint. The example uses the AdventureWorks2019 database.
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=====================================================History*** NOTE: what I call forks are actually just the opposite. They are re-writes from scratch, to avoid property issues. So here are the three great "un-forks" of Unix ..*** AT&T fork (a.k.a. SVR4, a.k.a. original unix)The Operating System from New Jersey.Unix, 1969. Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kernighan, and others, at Bell Labs. Unix-time: January 1, 1970 number of seconds, not counting leap seconds (so differs from UTC) various "editions" -labs.com/history/unix/versions.htmlthen "systems"Unix System V, Release 1 1983 AT&T Unix Support Group Bach's book Release 4, SVR4, around 1988, 1990. Sun and AT&T; Sun subforked Solaris (abandoning a BSD heritage); Also AIX subforked SVR4later SCO/Novell took over Unix International, the AT&T spinoff for Unix.*** Berkeley Fork, a.k.a. BSD1977 Bill Joy, 1BSD, Unix 6-th edition brancha Berkeley University product. "strings" on the Microsoft operating system will often reveal "Copywrite regents of California", this is 4.3BSD code in the Microsoft OS Windows 7, \Windows\System32\finger.exeLicensing uncertainties, gave rise to FreeBSDFreeBSD Jordan Hubbard November 1, 1993, from BSD4.32001 Apple hires Jordan Hubbard for OSX Sub fork, Ultrix, which turned into OSF/1, except witha Mach kernel (like OSX), which turned in to Tru64 (Compact)*** Linux ForkGNU 1983, Stallman, from MIT. Free Software Foundation in 85. Free as in freedom, not beer.Linus created a kernel to GNU Op Sys in 1991, ending the Hurd project. GNU/Linux, but generally called (mis-named) Linux (much discussion of this)The creation of the "distro" idea, with it's own lineage. Mainly package managment, however also distribution and packaging, and also sysadminitration/management. Selection of ports/packages.Distros: Debian(1993)/Ubuntu Debian (Ian Murdock, Purdue University) - The Debian Manifesto first community based distro Mark Richard Shuttleworth (2004) Ubuntu Slackware(1993)/S.u.S.E. Slackware (Patrick Volkerding) was first to box the linux kernel and GNU utilities into an install procedure Software und System-Entwicklung 1994 Novel acquires SuSE 2004 RedHat/Fedora (2003)/Centos Marc Ewing 1994 (CMU) and Bob Young Fedora, community based Centos (2004)=====================================================The unix heritage:"What you think is going on, is going on." - Joe CondonDoug McIlroy: "Write programs that do one thing and do it well. Write programs to work together.Write programs that handle text streams, because that is a universal interface."Influenced by server based, multi-user programming, a natural for manysorts of computing because it has a long heritage. Certainly the original heritage is text based, with server machines. C language."Bad is better", moving the design compromises towards simplest implementation.=====================================================Architecture:*** Please log on; first to the workstation using the generic machine account;get a terminal window and ssh into pegasus.KernelOperating system, Shell - sh, bashmany programs run as "commands"Development tools,programs which "know" about the operating systemApplicationsother programs, windowing system, X11, GNOME or KDE=====================================================Command Line and Files_command_ _switches_ _arguments_command: * a program in PATH* an alias* a builtin (some are both builtin and program) - use "type" to find out if an builtin, and "which", if a program, to get full pathname - use "builtin cmd" to force the builtin version - builtin is necessary when change is to the shell's environment, e.g. cdswitches (options):* traditional -letter or -letter value. can be combined* -- ends switches* new --long-option-nameargument:* globbing* use "echo" to see how the globbed arguments expandexamples:ls -l ; ls -- -lls -l -i -n; ls -linls /etc/a* /etc/c*; ls /e*/f*ls -la* hidden files and directories* meaning of various -l data* touch, chmod, rm; mkdir and rmdir, cd, pwd, id* -rwx for directories.* . and ..* users and rootexamples:* demonstrate r,w,x on a test file* demonstrate r,w,x on a test directory[brosenberg@u03 ]$ more a[brosenberg@u03 ]$ chmod a-rwx a[brosenberg@u03 ]$ more aa: Permission denied[brosenberg@u03 ]$ chmod u+wx a[brosenberg@u03 ]$ more aa: Permission denied[brosenberg@u03 ]$ chmod u=rx a[brosenberg@u03 ]$ more a[brosenberg@u03 ]$ echo hi > a-bash: a: Permission denied[brosenberg@u03 ]$ chmod u+w a[brosenberg@u03 ]$ echo hi > a[brosenberg@u03 ]$ chmod a-rwx d[brosenberg@u03 ]$ ls dls: d: Permission denied[brosenberg@u03 ]$ chmod a+r d[brosenberg@u03 ]$ ls da[brosenberg@u03 ]$ cd d-bash: cd: d: Permission denied[brosenberg@u03 ]$ chmod u=x d[brosenberg@u03 ]$ ls dls: d: Permission denied[brosenberg@u03 ]$ cd d[brosenberg@u03 d]$ lsls: .: Permission denied%then clean upstandard unix hierarchy=====================================================Shell Startup, Customization, terminal woesprogrammable, scripts, including startup scripts* login shell: /etc/profile (global)* login shell: afterwards, first file found among* /.bash_profile* /.bash_login* /.profile* on logon: /.bash_logout* subshell: /.bashrc (rc means "run command")* note convention, and burt (http url's)* note: our .bash_profile reads /.bashrcand our ./bashrc reads /etc/bashrcenvironment variables and aliases* alias* environment variables* export variablesexamples:name= valueunset name #builtinunalias rm ; alias rm='rm -i' #builtinecho $HOME #parameter expansionecho ; echo root #tilde expansionecho * ; #pathname expansionprintenv ;[brosenberg@u03 ]$ I=eye[brosenberg@u03 ]$ echo II[brosenberg@u03 ]$ echo $Ieye[brosenberg@u03 ]$ bash[brosenberg@u03 ]$ echo $I[brosenberg@u03 ]$ exitexit[brosenberg@u03 ]$ export I[brosenberg@u03 ]$ bash[brosenberg@u03 ]$ echo $Ieye[brosenberg@u03 ]$ unset I[brosenberg@u03 ]$ echo $I[brosenberg@u03 ]$ [brosenberg@u03 ]$ alias rmalias rm='rm -i'[brosenberg@u03 ]$ unalias rm[brosenberg@u03 ]$ alias rmbash: alias: rm: not found[brosenberg@u03 ]$ alias rm='rm -i'[brosenberg@u03 ]$ aliasalias l.='ls -d .* --color=tty'alias ll='ls -l --color=tty'alias ls='ls --color=tty'alias vi='vim'alias which='alias /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'[brosenberg@u03 ]$ environment continued* PATH, which* MANPATH, man* reset, TERM=xterm or TERM=vt100* generally in .bashrc* nano to edit our files and source them* history and TAB completion=====================================================Pipes and redirectionAs much about unix as about the shell.Connecting together programs.Redirecting out to a file, input from a fileAppending output to a fileexamples:how many files are in /bin? ls /bin wcsame wc filename, cat filename wccat f1 f2 f3 > focat f1 > fo ; cat f2>> fo ; cat f3 >> fo ;while true ; do echo -n $X >>f ; X=$((X+1)) ; sleep 5 ; done tail -f f # in another windowwhile true ; do echo -n $X tee -a f ; X=$((X+1)) ; sleep 5 ; done unset Xcat /etc/passwd sort=====================================================Text ManpulationMore file manipulastion:cp mv ln (ln hard and ln soft)command line expansion in the shellexample:for I in `ls` ; do cp -i $I $I.bak ; donevi:written by Bill Joy. Built on ed and ex. Earliest "visual" editor.mode: text mode and edit mode. ex: ":" character.typical "i" to enter text mode with curser at insertion point, esc toreturn to edit modes:q, :q!, :wq.,.+5s/this/that/gdd, x, r, D, u, J, /string, (return) to re-searchgrep:searchs for a match stringmatches chracters literally, . matches any charcter but a new line,.*, .?, .n, .n,m, then [a-z]; \s \S \d \D are also useful.^, and $ match beginning and end of linesed:uses ed commands on a streamexamples:ls grep ^...$ wclist all commands in your path that begin with "l"$ echo $PATH sed "s/:/ /g" xargs ls grep ^l wcmaybe wrong due to sym links :-) X11R6 -> X11 ... commands, continuedlocate lsof # i used with grep nohup to find my run-away processfind . -print xargs -n1 grep -H dogsmd5 or md5sumdiff, cmp=====================================================more about scripts.forking, parent child, inherit environment, user privilegesps, #!, kill, fg, bg, jobsexamplesps ; ps -auwx #switch incompatibility[brosenberg@u01 ]$ cat s.sh #!/bin/bashX=1 ; while [ $X -le 50 ] ; do echo $X ; X=$(($X+1)) ; sleep 3 ; donechmod a+x s.sh./s.sh # note path, security issue./s.shv& ; ps #theory of forksjobs ; %1 ; ^C #reattaching, "current job"./s.sh ^Z bg / fg ^C # alternatekill -kill PID ; # signals, this is the control-Coptions topics:top, system initialization, perl, make=====================================================Logging inhostname, whoami, date, uname, tar, scp, ftp, ssh-keygen, wget, df, duexample:tar cvf fn.tar dir ; tar xvf fn.tar# can add "z" or "j" to compress; best to tar a subdirworkstation: ssh-keygen [-f altkeyfilename]workstation: scp id_rsa.pub pegasus:pegasus: cat id_rsa.pub >> .ssh/authorized_keysworkstation: chmod u=r .ssh/id_rsa # important! else ssh silently failsworkstation: (optionally edit .ssh/config) cat >> .ssh/configHost pegasusHostname pegasus.ccs.miami.eduIdentityFile /.ssh/id_rsa^D df and du are heavy tools, but of some use=====================================================Desktop Integration'nix: textwrangler, jext, fugu, .ssh/config, windows: putty, puttygen, pscp, and cygwin=====================================================References * Design of the Unix OS, M. Bach * Harbison and Steele (C reference manual) * Design and Implementation of the FreeBSD OS, McKusick et al. * Linux Kernel Development, R. Love * John Lions, (historical) *Bash guide for beginners Machtelt Garrels The Linux Documentation Project -Beginners-Guide/html/index.html *Advanced Bash-scripting guide, Mendel Cooper, The Linux Documentation Project 2ff7e9595c
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